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Leafy and salad vegetables

• Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)
• Arugula (Eruca sativa)
• Beet greens (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)
• Bitterleaf (Vernonia calvoana)
• Bok choy (Brassica rapa Chinensis group)
• Broccoli Rabe (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa)
• Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea Gemmifera group)
• Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Capitata group)
• Catsear (Hypochaeris radicata)
• Celery (Apium graveolens)
• Celtuce (Lactuca sativa var. asparagina)
• Ceylon spinach (Basella alba)
• Chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla)
• Chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius subsp. aconitifolius)
• Chickweed (Stellaria)
• Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
• Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa Pekinensis group)
• Chinese Mallow (Malva verticillata)
• Chrysanthemum leaves (Chrysanthemum coronarium)
• Collard greens (Brassica oleracea)
• Corn salad (Valerianella locusta)
• Cress (Lepidium sativum)
• Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
• Endive (Cichorium endivia)
• Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides)
• Fat hen (Chenopodium album)
• Fiddlehead (Pteridium aquilinum, Athyrium esculentum)
• Fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis)
• Garden Rocket (Eruca sativa)
• Golden samphire (Inula crithmoides)
• Good King Henry (Chenopodium bonus-henricus)
• Greater Plantain (Plantago major)
• Kai-lan (Brassica rapa Alboglabra group)
• Kale (Brassica oleracea Acephala group)
• Komatsuna (Brassica rapa Pervidis or Komatsuna group)
• Kuka (Adansonia spp.)
• Lagos bologi (Talinum fruticosum)
• Land cress (Barbarea verna)
• Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
• Lizard's tail (Houttuynia cordata)
• Melokhia (Corchorus olitorius, Corchorus capsularis)
• Mizuna greens (Brassica rapa Nipposinica group)
• Mustard (Sinapis alba)
• New Zealand Spinach (Tetragonia tetragonioides)
• Orache (Atriplex hortensis)
• Paracress (Acmella oleracea)
• Pea sprouts/leaves (Pisum sativum)
• Polk (Phytolacca americana)
• Radicchio (Cichorium intybus)
• Samphire (Crithmum maritimum)
• Sea beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima)
• Seakale (Crambe maritima)
• Sierra Leone bologi (Crassocephalum spp.)
• Soko (Celosia argentea)
• Sorrel (Rumex acetosa)
• Spinach (Spinacia oleracea)
• Summer purslane (Portulaca oleracea)
• Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla var. flavescens)
• Tatsoi (Brassica rapa Rosularis group)
• Turnip greens (Brassica rapa Rapifera group)
• Watercress (Nasturtium officinale)
• Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)
• Winter purslane (Claytonia perfoliata)
• Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

Fruiting and flowering vegetables

The fruit of trees:

• Avocado (Persea americana)
• Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis)

Fruits of annual or perennial plants:

• Acorn squash (Cucurbita pepo)
• Armenian cucumber (Cucumis melo Flexuosus group)
• Aubergine (Solanum melongena)
• Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum)
• Bitter melon (Momordica charantia)
• Caigua (Cyclanthera pedata)
• Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana)
• Capsicum (Capsicum annuum)
• Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens)
• Chayote (Sechium edule)
• Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum Longum group)
• Courgette (Cucurbita pepo)
• Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
• Eggplant (Solanum melongena)
• Luffa (Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca)
• Malabar gourd (Cucurbita ficifolia)
• Raw Mango (Mangifera indica; Anacardiaceae)
• Parwal (Trichosanthes dioica)
• Pattypan squash (Cucurbita pepo)
• Perennial cucumber (Coccinia grandis)
• Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita pepo)
• Snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina)
• Squash aka marrow (Cucurbita pepo)
• Sweet corn aka corn; aka maize (Zea mays)
• Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum Grossum group)
• Tinda (Praecitrullus fistulosus)
• Tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica)
• Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var)
• Winter melon (Benincasa hispida)
• West Indian gherkin (Cucumis anguria)
• Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo)

Flowers or flower buds of perennial or annual plants:

• Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus, C. scolymus)
• Broccoli (Brassica oleracea)
• Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea)
• Squash blossoms (Cucurbita spp.)

Podded vegetables

• American groundnut (Apios americana)
• Azuki bean (Vigna angularis)
• Black-eyed pea (Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata)
• Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
• Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
• Drumstick (Moringa oleifera)
• Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus)
• Fava bean (Vicia faba)
• Green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
• Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)
• Horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum)
• Indian pea (Lathyrus sativus)
• Lentil (Lens culinaris)
• Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus)
• Moth bean (Vigna acontifolia)
• Mung bean (Vigna radiata)
• Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
• Pea (Pisum sativum)
• Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
• Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
• Ricebean (Vigna umbellata)
• Runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus)
• Soybean (Glycine max)
• Tarwi (tarhui, chocho; Lupinus mutabilis)
• Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius)
• Urad bean (Vigna mungo)
• Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens)
• Winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
• Yardlong bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)

Bulb and stem vegetables

• Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis)
• Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus)
• Celeriac (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum)
• Celery (Apium graveolens)
• Elephant Garlic (Allium ampeloprasum var. ampeloprasum)
• Florence fennel (Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce)
• Garlic (Allium sativum)
• Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea Gongylodes group)
• Kurrat (Allium ampeloprasum var. kurrat)
• Leek (Allium porrum)
• Lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera)
• Nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica)
• Onion (Allium cepa)
• Prussian asparagus (Ornithogalum pyrenaicum)
• Shallot (Allium cepa Aggregatum group)
• Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum)
• Wild leek (Allium tricoccum)

Root and tuberous vegetables

• Ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa)
• Arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza)
• Bamboo shoot (Bambusa vulgaris and Phyllostachys edulis)
• Beetroot (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris)
• Black cumin (Bunium persicum)
• Burdock (Arctium lappa)
• Broadleaf arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia)
• Camas (Camassia)
• Canna (Canna spp.)
• Carrot (Daucus carota)
• Cassava (Manihot esculenta)
• Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis)
• Daikon (Raphanus sativus Longipinnatus group)
• Earthnut pea (Lathyrus tuberosus)
• Elephant Foot yam (Amorphophallus+paeoniifolius)
• Ensete (Ensete ventricosum)
• Ginger (Zingiber officinale)
• Gobo (Arctium lappa)
• Hamburg parsley (Petroselinum crispum var. tuberosum)
• Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)
• Jícama (Pachyrhizus erosus)
• Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)
• Pignut (Conopodium majus)
• Plectranthus (Plectranthus spp.)
• Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
• Prairie turnip (Psoralea esculenta)
• Radish (Raphanus sativus)
• Rutabaga (Brassica napus Napobrassica group)
• Salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius)
• Scorzonera (Scorzonera hispanica)
• Skirret (Sium sisarum)
• Sweet Potato or Kumara (Ipomoea batatas)
• Taro (Colocasia esculenta)
• Ti (Cordyline fruticosa)
• Tigernut (Cyperus esculentus)
• Turnip (Brassica rapa Rapifera group)
• Ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus)
• Wasabi (Wasabia japonica)
• Water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis)
• Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius)
• Yam (Dioscorea spp.)

Sea vegetables

• Aonori (Monostroma spp., Enteromorpha spp.)
• Carola (Callophyllis variegata)
• Dabberlocks aka badderlocks (Alaria esculenta)
• Dulse (Palmaria palmata)
• Gim (Porphyra spp.)
• Hijiki (Hizikia fusiformis)
• Kombu (Laminaria japonica)
• Laver (Porphyra spp.)
• Mozuku (Cladosiphon okamuranus)
• Nori (Porphyra spp.)
• Ogonori (Gracilaria spp.)
• Sea grape (Caulerpa spp.)
• Seakale (Crambe maritima)
• Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca)
• Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida)

Alphabetical index of food additives

Contents: Top · 0–9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

0-9

• 1,4-heptonolactone - food acid
• 2-hydroxybiphenyl - preservative

A

• Abietic acid -
• Acacia vera -
• Acacia -
• Acesulfame potassium - artificial sweetener
• Acesulfame -
• Acetic acid - acidity regulator
• Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Acetylated distarch adipate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Acetylated distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Acetylated oxidised starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Acetylated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Acid treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Adipic acid - food acid
• Agar - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent
• Alcohol -
• Alfalfa -
• Alginic acid - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Alitame - artificial sweetener
• Alkaline treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Alkanet - color (red)
• Allspice -
• Allura red AC - color (FDA: FD&C Red #40)
• Almond oil - used as a substitute for olive oil. Also used as an emollient.
• Aluminium - color (silver)
• Aluminium ammonium sulfate - mineral salt
• Aluminium potassium sulfate - mineral salt
• Aluminium silicate - anti-caking agent
• Aluminium sodium sulfate - mineral salt
• Aluminium sulfate - mineral salt
• Amaranth - color (red) (FDA: [DELISTED] Red #2) Note that amaranth dye is unrelated to the amaranth plant
• Amaranth oil - high in squalene and unsaturated fatty acids - used in food and cosmetic industries.
• Amchur (mango powder)
• Ammonium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
• Ammonium adipates - acidity regulator
• Ammonium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Ammonium bicarbonate - mineral salt
• Ammonium carbonate - mineral salt
• Ammonium chloride - mineral salt
• Ammonium ferric citrate - food acid
• Ammonium fumarate - food acid
• Ammonium hydroxide - mineral salt
• Ammonium lactate - food acid
• Ammonium malate - food acid
• Ammonium phosphates - mineral salt
• Ammonium phosphatides - emulsifier
• Ammonium polyphosphates - anti-caking agent
• Ammonium sulfate - mineral salt, improving agent
• Amylases - flour treatment agent
• Angelica (Angelica archangelica)
• Anise -
• Annatto - color
• Anthocyanins - color
• Apricot oil - a cooking oil from certain cultivars.
• Arabinogalactan - thickener, vegetable gum
• Argan oil - a food oil from Morocco that has also attracted recent attention in Europe.
• Argon - propellant
• Rocket (Arugula)
• Asafoetida -
• Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) - antioxidant (water soluble)
• Ascorbyl palmitate - antioxidant (fat soluble)
• Ascorbyl stearate - antioxidant (fat soluble)
• Aspartame - artificial sweetener
• Astaxanthin - color
• Avocado oil - used a substitute for olive oil. Also used in cosmetics and skin care products.
• Azodicarbonamide - flour bleaching agent. Also used in the production of foamed plastics and the manufacture of gaskets. Banned as a food additive in Australia and Europe.
• Azorubine - color (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10)

B

• Babassu oil - similar to, and used as a substitute for coconut oil.
• Baking powder - leavening agent; includes acid and base
• Baking soda - food base
• Balm, lemon -
• Balm oil -
• Balsam Peru -
• Barberry -
• Barley flour -
• Basil (Ocimum basilicum) -
• Basil extract -
• Bay leaves -
• Beeswax - glazing agent
• Beet red - color (red)
• Beetroot red - color (red)
• Ben oil - extracted from the seeds of the moringa oleifera. High in behenic acid. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for biofuel.
• Bentonite - anti-caking agent
• Benzoic acid - preservative
• Benzoyl peroxide - flour treatment agent
• Berebere -
• Bergamot - in Earl Grey tea
• Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30) - color
• Beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid ethyl ester - color
• Betanin - color (red)
• Biphenyl - preservative
• Bison grass (Hierochloe odorata)
• Bixin - color
• Black 7984 - color (brown and black)
• Black cardamom -
• Black cumin -
• Blackcurrant seed oil - used as a food supplement, because of high content of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Also used in cosmetics.
• Black limes -
• Pepper (black, white, and green) -
• Black PN - color (brown and black)
• Bleached starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Bolivian Coriander (Porophyllum ruderale) -
• Bone phosphate - anti-caking agent
• Borage (Borago officinalis) -
• Borage seed oil - similar to blackcurrant seed oil - used primarily medicinally.
• Borax - preservative
• Boric acid - preservative
• Brilliant Black BN- color (brown and black)
• Brilliant blue FCF - color (FDA: FD&C Blue #1)
• Brilliant Scarlet 4R - color (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8)
• Brominated vegetable oil - emulsifier, stabiliser
• Brown FK - color (brown and black)
• Bush tomato -
• Butane - propellant
• Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) - antioxidant (fat soluble)
• Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) - antioxidant (fat soluble)

C

• Cacao shell -
• Cachou extract -
• Cactus root extract -
• Cadinene -
• Caffeine - stimulant
• Cajeput oil -
• Calamus -
• Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides - flavor enhancer
• Calcium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
• Calcium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Calcium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
• Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium silicate) - anti-caking agent
• Calcium ascorbate (Vitamin C)
• Calcium benzoate - preservative
• Calcium bisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
• Calcium carbonates - color (white), anticaking agent, stabiliser
• Calcium chloride - mineral salt
• Calcium citrates - food acid, firming agent
• Calcium diglutamate - flavor enhancer
• Calcium disodium EDTA - preservative
• Calcium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
• Calcium formate - preservative
• Calcium fumarate - food acid
• Calcium gluconate - acidity regulator
• Calcium guanylate - flavor enhancer
• Calcium hydrogen sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
• Calcium hydroxide - mineral salt
• Calcium inosinate - flavor enhancer
• Calcium lactate - food acid
• Calcium lactobionate - stabilizer
• Calcium malates - food acid
• Calcium oxide - mineral salt
• Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5)
• Calcium peroxide -
• Calcium phosphates - mineral salt, anti-caking agent, firming agent
• Calcium polyphosphates - anti-caking agent
• Calcium propionate - preservative
• Calcium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
• Calcium silicate - anti-caking agent
• Calcium sorbate - preservative
• Calcium stearoyl lactylate - emulsifier
• Calcium sulfate - flour treatment agent, mineral salt, sequestrant, improving agent, firming agent
• Calcium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
• Calcium tartrate - food acid, emulsifier
• False flax oil made of the seeds of Camelina sativa - available in Russia as ????????? ?????. Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.
• Camomile -
• Candelilla wax - glazing agent
• Candle nut -
• Canola oil/Rapeseed oil, one of the most widely used cooking oils, from a (trademarked) cultivar of rapeseed.
• Canthaxanthin - color
• Caper (Capparis spinosa)
• Capsanthin - color
• Capsorubin - color
• Carrageenan - A family of linear sulphated polysaccharides extracted from red seaweeds.
• Caramel I (plain) - color (brown and black)
• Caramel II (Caustic Sulfite process) - color (brown and black)
• Caramel III (Ammonia process) - color (brown and black)
• Caramel IV (Ammonia sulfite process) - color (brown and black)
• Caraway -
• Carbamide - flour treatment agent
• Carbon black - color (brown and black)
• Carbon dioxide - acidity regulator, propellant
• Cardamom -
• carmines - color (red)
• Carmoisine - color (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10)
• Carnauba wax - glazing agent
• Carob Pod -
• Carob pod oil/Algaroba oil, used medicinally.
• Carotenes - color
  • Alpha-carotene - color
  • Beta-carotene - color
  • Gamma-carotene - color
• Carrageenan - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Carrot Oil -
• Cashew oil - somewhat comparable to olive oil. May have value for fighting dental cavities. [1]
• Cassia -
• Catechu extract -
• Celery salt -
• Celery seed -
• Wheat germ oil - used as a food supplement, and for its "grainy" flavor. Also used medicinally. Highly unstable.
• Chalk - color (white), anticaking agent, stabiliser
• Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) -
• Chicory -
• Chicory Root Extract - High in Inulin
• Chile pepper -
• Chili powder -
• Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) -
• Chlorine dioxide - flour treatment agent
• Chlorine - flour treatment agent
• Chlorophylls and Chlorophyllins - color (green)
• Chocolate Brown HT - color
• Choline salts and esters - emulsifier
• Chrysoine resorcinol - color (red)
• Cicely (Myrrhis odorata)
• Sweet cicely (Myrrhis odorata)
• Cilantro (see Coriander) (Coriandrum sativum)
• Cinnamon -
• Cinnamon oil - used for flavoring.
• Citranaxanthin - color
• Citric acid - food acid
• Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Citrus red 2 - color (red)
• Cloves -
• Cochineal - color (red)
• Coconut oil - a cooking oil, high in saturated fat - particularly used in baking and cosmetics.
• Sage (Salvia officinalis) -
• Copper complexes of chlorophylls - color (green)
• Coriander -
• Coriander seed oil - used medicinally. Also used as a flavoring agent in pharmaceutical and food industries.
• Corn oil - one of the most common, and inexpensive cooking oils.
• Corn syrup -
• Cottonseed oil - a major food oil, often used in industrial food processing.
• Cress -
• Crocetin - color
• Crocin - color
• Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose - emulsifier
• Cryptoxanthin - color
• Cumin -
• Cumin oil/Black seed oil - used as a flavor, particularly in meat products. Also used in veterinary medicine.
• Cupric sulfate - mineral salt
• Curcumin - color (yellow and orange)
• Curry powder -
• Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) -
• Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) -
• Cyclamates - artificial sweetener
• Cyclamic acid - artificial sweetener
• beta-cyclodextrin - emulsifier
• Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus, C. flexuosus, and other species) -

D

• Damiana (Turnera aphrodisiaca, T. diffusa) -
• Dandelion leaf -
• Dandelion Root -
• Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) -
• Decanal dimethyl acetal -
• Decanal -
• Decanoic acid -
• Dehydroacetic acid - preservative
• Delta-tocopherol(synthetic) - antioxidant
• Devil's claw (Harpagophytum procumbens) medicinal
• Dextrin roasted starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Dicalcium diphosphate - anti-caking agent
• Dilauryl thiodipropionate - antioxidant
• Dill seed -
• Dill (Anethum graveolens) -
• Dimethyl dicarbonate - preservative
• Dimethylpolysiloxane - emulsifier, anti-caking agent
• Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate - emulsifier
• Diphenyl - preservative
• Diphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
• Dipotassium guanylate - flavor enhancer
• Dipotassium inosinate - flavor enhancer
• Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides - flavor enhancer
• Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate - antioxidant, preservative
• Disodium guanylate - flavor enhancer
• Disodium inosinate - flavor enhancer
• Distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Distearyl thiodipropionate - antioxidant
• Dl-alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) - antioxidant
• Dodecyl gallate - antioxidant

E

• Echinacea -
• EDTA -
• Egg -
• Egg yolk -
• Egg white -
• Elderberry -
• Eleutherococcus senticosus -
• Enzymatically hydrolyzed Carboxymethyl cellulose - emulsifier
• Enzyme treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides)
• Epsom salts - mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
• Erythorbin acid - antioxidant
• Erythrosine - color (red) (FDA: FD&C Red #3)
• Erythritol - artificial sweetener
• Ethanol (alcohol) -
• Ethyl maltol - flavor enhancer
• Ethyl methyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
• Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) - preservative
• Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid -
• Evening primrose oil - used as a food supplement for its purported medicinal properties.

F

• Fantesk -
• Farnesol -
• Fast green FCF - color (FDA: FD&C Green #3)
• Fat -
• Favoxanthin - color
• Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
• Fenugreek -
• Ferric ammonium citrate - food acid
• Ferrous gluconate - color retention agent
• Ferrous lactate -
• Filé powder -
• Five-spice powder (Chinese) -
• Fo-ti-tieng -
• Formaldehyde - preservative
• Formic acid - preservative
• Fructose -
• Fumaric acid - acidity regulator

G

• Galangal -
• Galangal root -
• Galbanum oil -
• Gallic acid -
• Gamma-tocopherol(synthetic) - antioxidant
• Garam masala -
• Garlic extract -
• Garlic -
• Garlic oil -
• Gelatin/gelatine - Gelling agent, emulsifier
• Gellan gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Ginger -
• Ginger oil -
• Ginger root -
• Ginseng -
• Glacial Acetic acid - preservative, acidity regulator
• Glucitol -
• Gluconate -
• Glucono delta-lactone - acidity regulator
• Glucose oxidase - antioxidant
• Glucose syrup - sweetener
• Glutamate -
• Glutamic acid - flavor enhancer
• Gluten -
• Glycerin - humectant, sweetener
• Glycerol -
• Glycerol esters of wood rosin - emulsifier
• Glyceryl distearate - emulsifier
• Glyceryl monostearate - emulsifier
• Glycine - flavor enhancer
• Glyoxylic acid -
• Gold - color (gold)
• Grains of paradise -
• Grape color extract -
• Grape seed oil - suitable for cooking at high temperatures. Also used as a salad oil, and in cosmetics.
• Green S - color (green)
• Green tea -
• Guanylic acid - flavor enhancer
• Guar gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
• Guaranine -
• Gum acacia - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Gum arabic - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Gum guaicum - preservative

H

• Haw bark -
• Hazelnut oil - used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight astringent nature.
• Heliotropin -
• Helium - propellant
• Hemlock oil -
• Hemp oil - a high quality food oil.
• Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
• Hesperidin -
• Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine) - preservative
• Hexyl acetate -
• High fructose corn syrup -
• Horseradish -
• Hydrochloric acid - acidity regulator
• Hydroxypropyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
• Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
• Hydroxypropyl starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) -

I

• Indanthrene blue RS - color (blue)
• Indigo carmine - color (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2)
• Indigotine - color (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2)
• Indole -
• Inosinate -
• Inosinic acid - flavor enhancer
• Inositol -
• Insoluble fiber -
• Intense sweeteners -
• Inulin
• Invert sugar -
• Invertase -
• Iron ammonium citrate -
• Iron -
• Iron oxides and hydroxides - color
• Isobutane - propellant
• Isomalt - humectant
• Isopropyl citrates - antioxidant, preservative

J

• Jasmine -
• Jamaican jerk spice -
• Jasmine absolute -
• Jiaogulan (Gynostemma pentaphyllum) -
• Juniper -
• Juniper berry -
• Juniper berry oil - used as a flavor. Also used medicinally, including traditional medicine.
• Juniper extract -

K

• Kaffir Lime Leaves (Citrus hystrix, C. papedia) -
• Kaolin - anti-caking agent
• Kapok seed oil - used as an edible oil, and in soap production.[2]
• Karaya gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Kelp -
• Kokam -
• Kola nut extract -
• Konjac - thickener, vegetable gum
• Konjac glucomannate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Konjac gum - thickener, vegetable gum

L

• L-cysteine - flour treatment agent
• Lactic acid - acidity regulator, preservative, antioxidant
• Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Lactitol - humectant
• Lactose -
• Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propylene glycol - emulsifier
• Larch gum -
• Lard -
• Latolrubine - color
• Laurel berry -
• Laurel leaf oil -
• Lavender (Lavandula spp.)
• Lavender oil -
• Lecithins - antioxidant, Emulsifier
• Lecithin citrate - preservative
• Legume -
• Lemon -
• Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) -
• Lemon extract -
• Lemon juice -
• Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) -
• Lemon oil -
• Lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora) -
• Lemongrass Oil -
• Leucine - flavor enhancer
• Licorice -
• Lipases - flavor enhancer
• Lithol Rubine BK - color
• Litholrubine - color
• Locust bean gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Long pepper -
• Lovage (Levisticum officinale) -
• L(+)-Tartaric acid - food acid
• Lutein - color
• Lycopene - color
• Lysine -
• Lysozyme - preservative

M

• Macadamia oil - used as an edible oil. Also used as a massage oil.
• Mace -
• Magnesium -
• Magnesium carbonate - anti-caking agent, mineral salt
• Magnesium chloride - mineral salt
• Magnesium citrate - acidity regulator
• Magnesium diglutamate - flavor enhancer
• Magnesium hydroxide - mineral salt
• Magnesium lactate - food acid
• Magnesium oxide - anti-caking agent
• Magnesium phosphates - mineral salt, anti-caking agent
• Magnesium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
• Magnesium silicate - anti-caking agent
• Magnesium stearate - emulsifier, stabiliser
• Magnesium sulfate - mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
• Mahlab -
• Malabathrum -
• Malic acid - acidity regulator
• Malt extract - flavor enhacer
• Maltitol - humectant, stabiliser
• Maltodextrin - carbohydrate sweetener
• Maltol - flavor enhancer
• Maltose -
• Mandarin oil-leavening agent
• Manganese -
• Mannitol - humectant, anti-caking agent, sweetener
• Margarine -
• Marjoram (Origanum majorana)
• Mastic -
• Meadowfoam seed oil - highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain fatty acids. Competes with rapeseed oil for industrial applications. [3]
• Mega-purple - a Kosher food additive made from grapes
• Mentha arvensis oil/Mint oil, used in flavoring toothpastes, mouthwashes and pharmaceuticals, as well as in aromatherapy and other medicinal applications. [4]
• Metatartaric acid - food acid, emulsifier
• Methionine -
• Methyl butyrate -
• Methyl disulfide -
• Methyl ethyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
• Methyl hexenoate -
• Methyl isobutyrate -
• Methylcellulose - thickener, emulsifier, vegetable gum
• Methylparaben (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) - preservative
• Methyltheobromine -
• Microcrystalline cellulose - anti-caking agent
• Milk thistle (Silybum) -
• Milk -
• Mint (Mentha spp.) -
• Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Modified starch -
• Molasses extract -
• Molybdenum -
• Bergamot (Monarda didyma) -
• Mono- and diglycerides of Fatty acids - emulsifier
• Monoammonium glutamate - flavor enhancer
• Monopotassium glutamate - flavor enhancer
• Monosodium glutamate (MSG) - flavor enhancer
• Monostarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Montanic acid esters - humectant
• Mullien (Verbascum thapsus)
• Mustard -
• Mustard oil (essential oil), containing a high percentage of allyl isothiocyanate or other isothiocyanates, depending on the species of mustard
• Mustard oil (pressed) - used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a massage oil.
• Mustard plant -
• Mustard seed -

N

• Natamycin - preservative
• Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone - artificial sweetener
• Niacin (vitamin B3) - color retention agent
  • nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) - color retention agent
  • Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) - color retention agent
• Nigella (Kolanji, Black caraway) -
• Nisin - preservative
• Nitrogen - propellant
• Nitrous oxide - propellant
• Norbixin - color
• Nutmeg -

O

• Octyl gallate - antioxidant
• Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis et al.) -
• Okra oil (Hibiscus seed oil) - from the seed of the Hibiscus esculentus. Composed predominantly of oleic and lanoleic acids. [1]
• Oleomargarine -
• Olive oil - used in cooking - cosmetics - soaps and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps
• Orange GGN - color (orange)
• Orange oil - like lemon oil - cold pressed rather than distilled. Consists of 90% d-Limonene. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods. [5]
• Orcein - color (red)
• Orchil - color (red)
• Oregano (Origanum vulgare, O. heracleoticum, and other species) -
• Oregano oil - contains thymol and carvacrol - making it a useful fungicide. Also used to treat digestive problems. [6]
• Orris root -
• Orthophenyl phenol - preservative
• Oxidised polyethylene wax - humectant
• Oxidised starch - thickener, vegetable gum
• Oxystearin - antioxidant, sequestrant

P

• Palm oil - the most widely produced tropical oil. Also used to make biofuel.
• Panax ginseng -
• Panax quinquefolia -
• Ponch phoran -
• Pandan leaf -
• Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) -
• Papain - A cysteine protease hydrolase enzyme present in papaya (Carica papaya) and mountain papaya (Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis).
• Paprika -
• Paprika extract -
• Paraffins - glazing agent
• Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) -
• Patent blue V - color (blue)
• Peanut oil/Ground nut oil - mild-flavored cooking oil.
• Pecan oil - valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil. [7]
• Pectin - vegetable gum, emulsifier
• Perilla seed oil - high in omega-3 fatty acids. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes, in skin care products and as a drying oil.
• Phosphated distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Phosphoric acid - food acid
• Phytic acid - preservative
• Pigment Rubine - color
• Pimaricin - preservative
• Pine needle oil
• Pine seed oil - an expensive food oil, used in salads and as a condiment. [8]
• Pistachio oil - strongly flavored oil, particularly for use in salads. [9]
• Prune kernel oil - marketed as a gourmet cooking oil [10]
• Poly vinyl pyrrolidone -
• Polydextrose - humectant
• Polyethylene glycol 8000 - antifoaming agent
• Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Polyglycerol polyricinoleate - emulsifier
• Polymethylsiloxane - antifoaming agent
• Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate - emulsifier
• Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate - emulsifier, stabilizer
• Polyphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
• Polysorbate 20 - emulsifier
• Polysorbate 40 - emulsifier
• Polysorbate 60 - emulsifier
• Polysorbate 65 - emulsifier
• Polysorbate 80 - emulsifier
• Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone - color stabiliser
• Pomegranate seeds (though some consider these a fruit, not a spice)
• Ponceau 4R - color (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8)
• Ponceau 6R - color
• Ponceau SX - color
• Poppy seed -
• Poppyseed oil - used for cooking, moisturizing skin, and in paints, varnishes and soaps.
• Potassium acetates - preservative, acidity regulator
• Potassium adipate - food acid
• Potassium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Potassium aluminium silicate - anti-caking agent
• Potassium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
• Potassium benzoate - preservative
• Potassium bicarbonate - mineral salt
• Potassium bisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
• Potassium bromate - flour treatment agent
• Potassium carbonate - mineral salt
• Potassium chloride - mineral salt
• Potassium citrates - food acid
• Potassium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
• Potassium fumarate - food acid
• Potassium gluconate - stabiliser
• Potassium hydrogen sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
• Potassium hydroxide - mineral salt
• Potassium lactate - food acid
• Potassium malate - food acid
• Potassium metabisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
• Potassium nitrate - preservative, color fixative
• Potassium nitrite - preservative, color fixative
• Potassium phosphates - mineral salt
• Potassium propionate - preservative
• Potassium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
• Potassium sodium tartrate - food acid
• Potassium sorbate - preservative
• Potassium sulfate - mineral salt, seasoning
• Potassium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
• Potassium tartrates - food acid
• Powdered Cellulose - anti-caking agent
• Primrose (Primula) — candied flowers, tea
• Processed Eucheuma seaweed - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Propane-1,2-diol alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Propionic acid - preservative
• Propyl gallate - antioxidant
• Propylene glycol - humectant
• Propylene glycol alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Propylparaben (propyl para-hydroxybenzoate) - preservative
• Pumpkin seed oil - a specialty cooking oil, produced in Austria and Slovenia. Doesn't tolerate high temperatures.
• Pulegone
• Purslane -
• Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) -

Q

• Quatre épices -
• Quillaia extract - humectant
• Quinoa oil - similar in composition and use to corn oil. [11]
• Quinoline Yellow WS - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: D&C Yellow #10)

R

• Ramtil oil - pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus Guizotia abyssinica (Niger pea) in India and Ethiopia. Used for both cooking and lighting.
• Ras-el hanout
• Raspberry (leaves)
• Red 2G - color
• Refined microcrystalline wax - glazing agent
• Rhodoxanthin - color
• Riboflavin (vitamin B2) - color (yellow and orange)
• Rice bran oil - suitable for high temperature cooking. Widely used in Asia.
• Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) -
• Rubixanthin - color

S

• Saccharin - artificial sweetener
• Safflower oil - a flavorless and colorless cooking oil.
• Safflower -
• Saffron - color
• Saigon Cinnamon -
• Salad Burnet (Sanguisorba minor or Poterium sanguisorba)
• Salt -
• Sandalwood - color
• Savory (Satureja hortensis, S. montana)
• Scarlet GN - color
• Sesame oil - used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in India.
• Sesame seed -
• Shellac - glazing agent
• Silicon dioxide - anti-caking agent
• Silver - color (silver)
• Luohanguo
• Sodium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
• Sodium adipate - food acid
• Sodium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
• Sodium aluminium phosphate - acidity regulator, emulsifier
• Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate) - anti-caking agent
• Sodium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
• Sodium benzoate - preservative
• Sodium bicarbonate - mineral salt
• Sodium bisulfite (sodium hydrogen sulfite) - preservative, antioxidant
• Sodium carbonate - mineral salt
• Sodium carboxymethylcellulose - emulsifier
• Sodium citrates - food acid
• Sodium dehydroacetate - preservative
• Sodium erythorbate - antioxidant
• Sodium erythorbin - antioxidant
• Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
• Sodium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
• Sodium formate - preservative
• Sodium fumarate - food acid
• Sodium gluconate - stabiliser
• Sodium hydrogen acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
• Sodium hydroxide - mineral salt
• Sodium lactate - food acid
• Sodium malates - food acid
• Sodium metabisulfite - preservative, antioxidant, bleaching agent
• Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
• Sodium nitrate - preservative, color fixative
• Sodium nitrite - preservative, color fixative
• Sodium orthophenyl phenol - preservative
• Sodium propionate - preservative
• Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
• Sodium sorbate - preservative
• Sodium stearoyl lactylate - emulsifier
• Sodium succinates - acidity regulator, flavor enhancer
• Sodium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
• Sodium sulfite - mineral salt, preservative, antioxidant
• Sodium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
• Sodium tartrates - food acid
• Sodium tetraborate - preservative
• Sorbic acid - preservative
• Sorbitan monolaurate - emulsifier
• Sorbitan monooleate - emulsifier
• Sorbitan monopalmitate - emulsifier
• Sorbitan monostearate - emulsifier
• Sorbitan tristearate - emulsifier
• Sorbitol - humectant, emulsifier, sweetener
• Sorbol -
• Sorrel (Rumex spp.) -
• Soybean oil - accounts for about half of worldwide edible oil production.
• Spearmint oil - often used in flavoring mouthwash and chewing gum, among other applications. [12]
• Star anise -
• Star anise oil - highly fragrant oil using in cooking. Also used in perfumery and soaps, has been used in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. [13] 90% of the world's star anise crop is used in the manufacture of Tamiflu, a drug used to treat avian flu.
• Starch sodium octenylsuccinate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Stearic acid - anti-caking agent
• Stearyl tartarate - emulsifier
• Succinic acid - food acid
• Sucralose - artificial sweetener
• Sucroglycerides - emulsifier
• Sucrose acetate isobutyrate - emulsifier, stabiliser
• Sucrose esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Sugar -
• Sulfur dioxide - preservative, antioxidant
• Sulfuric acid - acidity regulator
• Sumac -
• Sunflower oil - a common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel.
• Sunset Yellow FCF - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: FD&C Yellow #6)
• Sweet basil -
• Sweet woodruff -
• Szechuan pepper (Xanthoxylum piperitum) -

T

• Talc - anti-caking agent
• Tamarind -
• Costmary -
• Tandoori masala -
• Tannins - color, emulsifier, stabiliser, thickener
• Tansy -
• Tara gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
• Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) -
• Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
• Tartrazine - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: FD&C Yellow #5)
• Camellia oil/Tea oil, widely used in southern China as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, hair oils and a variety of other products.
• Tert-butylhydroquinone - antioxidant
• Tetrahydrocannabinol- flavor enhancer, potential anti carcinogen
• Thaumatin - flavor enhancer, artificial sweetener
• Theine -
• Thermally oxidised soya bean oil - emulsifier
• Thiabendazole - preservative
• Thiamine (Vitamin B1) -
• Thiodipropionic acid - antioxidant
• Thyme -
• stannous chloride - color retention agent, antioxidant
• Titanium dioxide - color (white)
• Tocopherol (Vitamin E) -
• Tocopherol concentrate (natural) - antioxidant
• Tragacanth - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
• Triacetin - humectant
• Triammonium citrate - food acid
• Triethyl citrate - thickener, vegetable gum
• Trimethylxanthine -
• Triphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
• sodium phosphates - Mineral Salt
• Turmeric - color (yellow and orange)

V

• Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) -
• Vegetable carbon - color (brown and black)
• Vinegar -
• Violaxanthin - color
• Vitamin -
  • Vitamin A (Retinol) -
  • Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) -
  • Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) -
  • Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) -
  • Vitamin B6 (Pyrodoxine) -
  • Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) -
  • Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) -
  • Vitamin D (Calciferol) -
  • Vitamin E (Tocopherol) -
  • Vitamin K -

W

• Walnut oil - used for its flavor, also used by Renaissance painters in oil paints
• Wasabi -
• Water -
• Wattleseed -

X

• Xanthan gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
• Xylitol - humectant, stabiliser

Y

• Yellow 2G - color (yellow and orange)
• Yucca extract -

Z

• Za'atar -
• Zeaxanthin - color
• Zinc acetate - flavor enhancer