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Name:Dr. I.R.BhattacharjeeInstitution:Institute for Intrinsic Gravitation Biology (i3GB)Position:Location:Guwahati IndiaField of Science:BiologyWebsite / Blog:http://www.indianscience.in/i3GB/blog/35/Online Status:
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Facebook Discussion | Self Gravitation Bio- Unexplored Biology Explored?
Gravity is the building block of the universe. It is the basic force that acts on 'mass'. Living organism without 'mass' is impossible to imagine. Rate of biological growth means increase in mass per unit time. Biological growth could be by an increase in the number of cells (hyperplasia) or by an increase in cell size (hypertrophy). Irrespective of expression, growth means increase in mass. Why under an integral biochemical process known as growth metabolism, percent increase in growth decreases with age (time) in living bodies in spite of all chemistry of organic growth?
Let us contemplate that every living mass has its own/self or intrinsic gravity. It is being interacted by extrinsic gravity of earth or of microgravity. At the lower strata of Biological Particle hierarchy or Pyramid (electron, proton, neutron> atom> molecules> compound> organelles), nuclear and electromagnetic forces could be the stronger binding forces than the attractive forces of self gravity. With increase in mass beyond organelles (Cells> tissue> organs> organ systems> organism) self gravity, even may be negligible in terms of magnitude, but phenomena wise may ‘mimic’ larger mass- as a matter of ‘tendency’(?), could be the binding force acting as 'invisible foundation' upon which functionality of physiological or genetically induced mechanisms of living organisms could be carried out.
Recent research in particle physics at distance scales below 100 µm with the universe’s smallest building blocks in relation to cosmology, have renewed interest on gravity at miniature scale1,2. Now thinking is that gravity may have “compact extra dimensions at short range”. The Newton’s inverse-square law would be valid if there is no additional dimension. However, if there are two additional dimensions, the dependence of the gravitational force would change from 1/r2 to 1/r4. Biological materials are mostly non-Newtonian rheological (soft condensed matter) substance. If dividing by 1/r2 is a small number, dividing by 1/r4 (twice of 1/r2) can make the corresponding gravitational force much stronger. Let there be some more progress in understanding in this direction and in the mean time, let us provisionally assume that self gravity in biological mass mimics gravitational phenomena of larger mass.
1. Newman, R: Current searches for non-Newtonian gravity at Sub-mm Distance Scales. Matters of Gravity 15, p18, (2000)
2. Chiaverini,J, Smullin,S.J, Geraci,A.A, Weld,D.M, Kapitulnik,A: New Experimental Constraints on Non-Newtonian Forces below 100 microns in High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph) :Phys.Rev.Lett. 90:151101: arXiv: hep-ph/0209325v3 (2003)
Astrophysicists are more accustomed with the term self gravity than biologists. In standard literatures, gravity is so far considered weak as short range force and applicable to mostly stellar bodies. As such presence of self gravity in biological analysis and interpretations are being grossly ignored. The explanation of “bilateral symmetry” in animals in developmental genetics is that bilateral symmetry is ‘necessary’ for balance with respect to gravity and for coping with resistance by the medium-air, water or the land surface through or over which the animal moves”. Such explanation is difficult to digest considering ‘other necessities’ of the animal for coping with nature like having ‘third eye for visibility of the rear scenario or a hand in the back side for multipurpose works’. Such hypothetical explanation cannot be accepted as there should be a physical cause for each and every development. {Ref: 15. Pritchard, D.J: Foundations of Developmental Genetics.15-285.(1986)} What could be the alternative hypothesis? Let us see whether hypothesis on self gravitation bio could best describe various anomalous interpretations of biological phenomena. e.g.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) i.e. uptake of Oxygen molecules per hour is dependent on 2/3 or 3/4th of 'mass' that generate (a frictional type) force over 'invisible basement' to recognize as living (metabolic energy versus gravitational energy).
Body mass Index (BMI) or Quetelet index (weight/height= density of the mass/ volume that provides variation in gravitational attraction), a measure of health at the particular age (age is the capacity to generate metabolic energy to keep balance with the contemporary gravitational energy).
Metabolically inert infrastructure (MII) or co-moving fluids acts as buoyant (up thrust or side thrust) force, opposite to the force of 'invisible basement' or gravitational energy.
Weight is so far considered as an indication of Body Surface Area (BSA) that is used to measure renal function- glomerular filtration rate (GFR), to calculate cardiac index (cardiac output/BSA), Chemotherapy & Glucocorticoid dosing. The calculation can be straightened on substituting 'weight' as measure of 'gravitation' (as weight cannot be measure of surface 'area').
Why Newton’s apple itself is round? Why three rice seedlings transplanted in bunch get common round canopy at the end of vegetative & reproductive phase?
Why human body is obsessed centrally at the abdominal region due to accumulation of visceral fat? Why fat should find place in the ‘middle’ instead of going down on ‘feet’, as per gravitational attraction of earth?
As per concept of Self Gravitation Bio, ‘Mass’ is synonym of gravitational force. No effort has been made to understand that ‘mass’ is an abstract substance whose presence can be felt only with the existence of intrinsic and extrinsic ‘gravitational force’. Hence through appropriate simulation incorporating concepts of self gravitation bio, the present day vague controversy could be straightened with satisfaction of all corners. Once the presence of self gravity in biological mass is established it would serve as vital clue to many lesser understood phenomena in biological science including health of human, animal, plant, microbes. Few instances are provided below.
Mass balance, Shoot-root ratio
Isostatic balance i.e. balances between lighter and heavier mass in relation to centre of self-gravity is a common phenomenon in all gravitating bodies including earth. Subduction in an area is compensated by formation of mountain on other side due to action of self gravity of the earth. In biological growth, isostatic balance seems to happen around self-gravity, (ignoring minor circumstantial exceptions).
Head (especially back) consists of solid mass of brain, muscle, and bone which is much heavier (greater specific gravity) than water on equal volume basis or than of bone and muscle or fatty and air-containing body tissues. As chest and abdominal cavity are mostly fat and air, shoulder blades could buoyed up above the surface by the air filled lungs readily than head or legs (consist mostly of bone and muscle) during swimming. During and after embryonic growth, brain’s higher weight is compensated by continued growth towards human leg- an isostatic balancing act of self gravity around central position.
A type of compensatory mechanism play in plant growth. ‘Mass balance’ i.e. matching change in export from the source leaves to roots, grain etc., is a term used in plant science to explain sustained carbon fluxes out of a source leaf that is equal the capacity of the sinks to utilize it. During the day, carbohydrate export from a source leaf is partially independent of the photosynthetic rate. Plant scientists could not yet ascertain about the signals linking sources and sinks coupling. Effect of warming and cooling of roots, fruits and other factors do not show consistent result. A characteristic element of phloem, which functions in the transport of food materials, such as sugars and proteins, synthesized within a plant. The general belief is that a change in source supply or sinks demand results in local changes in sieve tube solute concentration which alters the hydrostatic pressure gradient linking source and sink, resulting in changes in flow. A sieve-tube consists of elongated, thin-walled, living cells arranged in a longitudinal row and forming a connected series by means of perforations in their walls through which pass strands of cytoplasm. Both the solute concentration and hydrostatic pressure have the potential of acting as a signal. Smith and Milburn (1980) found that phloem loading responds to changes in sieve tube turgor. Minchin et al (2002) pointed out that differences in the degree of source–sink coupling can probably be attributed to the amount of buffering capacity available within the source, sink and the linking phloem pathway. It can therefore, be contemplated that phloem loading of (solute-regulated) nutrients would be dependent on the magnitude of pressure of self gravity. With higher gravitation pressure, volume of phloem path would decrease, where as lower pressure of self gravity in phloem path would change the sieve tube turgor and hydrostatic pressure gradient- resulting in higher flow of nutrients.
Ref: Smith JAC, Milburn JA. 1980. Osmoregulation and the control of phloem sap composition in Ricinus communis L. Planta 148, 28-34. Minchin, P. E. H., M. R. Thorpe, J. F. Farrar and O. A. Koroleva 2002. Source–sink coupling in young barley plants and control of phloem loading. Jr. Exptl. Bot., Vol. 53, No. 374, pp. 1671-1676
Shoot-root ratio is considered an indicator for plant health in terms of growth, survival, mortality and tolerance to stress condition. Among the yield components of cereal crop like rice, higher tillering per plant is counterbalanced by decrease in other yield components like length of panicle or number of grains per panicle or decrease in individual grain size. It seems that after starch synthesis, carbon partitioning and phloem loading is due to compensatory balance of self gravity. Due to mass balance in plants root growth dominates during early period followed by shoot growth. Roots are comparatively denser than shoot on equal volume basis.
‘Macromolecular Crowding’ and ‘Anomalous Sub-diffusion’
‘Crowdedness’ i.e. higher mass per unit volume is a term often used to describe denseness or compactness of particle in the biomechanics of cytoplasm, nucleus, or other cellular or extracellular environments,. For instance ‘macromolecular crowding’ phenomena dramatically affects cellular processes such as protein folding and assembly, regulation of metabolic pathways, and condensation of DNA. Diffusional movement of particles, such as macromolecules in the cytoplasm strongly decreases with an increasing radius of the tracked particle like various macromolecules, leaving particles with a radius >25–30 nm immobile. This kind of diffusion is known as anomalous subdiffusion and has been found in many different contexts in living cells; e.g., for the movement of lipids on model membranes, integral membrane proteins on organellar membranes and proteins in the nucleoplasm, solute transport in porous media, and the translocation of polymers. This anomalous subdiffusion has been shown to strongly influence the formation of spatiotemporal patterns as well as kinetic rates and the time course of enzymatic reactions.
Thus it can be seen that in heterogeneous solution like cytoplasm such molecular crowding gives rise to an obstacle-rich environment having various degrees of anomality. Crowding contribute significantly to the high viscosity of the cytoplasm, a concentrated protein/sugar solution. So far little attention is paid to the periodic shift in the volume of the membrane bound cell or structure. Weiss et al (2004) provided strong evidence that molecular crowding causes anomalous subdiffusion in the cytoplasm of living cells. They also pointed out that such anomaly persists for intermediate times and that normal diffusion is reencountered for asymptotically large times. Such asymptotic i.e. renormalization behavior during the range of time or sequence with recurrent trough and crest events in iteration of the cytoplsmic molecules, though may be complicated, deserves to be studied in the light of self gravitational wave.
{Ref: Weiss Matthias, Markus Elsner, Fredrik Kartberg, and Tommy Nilsson. Anomalous Subdiffusion Is a Measure for Cytoplasmic Crowding in Living Cell. Biophysical Journal.:87: 3518–3524: (2004)}
Contraction-expansion phase in gravitating bodies Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction hypothesis states that continued contraction of the Sun under its own gravity generates energy for radiation, converting gravitational energy into kinetic energy which turns to radiation energy. Describing equation of stellar structure, Sir Arthur Eddington states that the Sun or a star is held in equilibrium under the opposing forces of gravity and internal pressure.
In various biological systems, there are mimics of contraction-expansion phenomena, though actual reason is yet not yet ascertained. If circadian or ultradian rhythms (that control such body functions as heart rate, breathing, swallowing and contraction of the intestines) are allowed to be considered as of electromagnetic or genetic origin, mass related contraction and expansion in biological mass remain unanswered.
Contraction-expansion phase in embryonic growth sequence viz. zygote and morula as contraction phase and cleavage and blastula as expansion phase in the order: zygote (shrinking phase) - cleavage (rapid rates of division) - morula (antagonism phase between periods of rapid cell division and cell movement) - blastula (cells in centre begin to lose contact with one another and a central fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel forms).
Biological growth rate {lag phase (slow growth), log or exponential phase (period of maximum growth), senescent phase (declining growth) and steady phase (stationary growth). Growth period in human includes five stages viz. prenatal, infantile, early childhood, juvenile and adolescent plus post-adolescent. Rapid growth in prenatal and puberty period- Retarded growth in juvenile and post-adolescent periods followed by little or no growth after the post-adolescent period.
In plant, growth occurs in three steps or phases viz. formative, enlargement and differentiation. In annual plants, after rapid sprouting stage of seed, there is retardation. Growth increases slowly till mature seedling stage. Thereafter there is rapid growth up to most active tillering stage after which the growth slows down coinciding vegetative lag-phase. The growth rate again increases and then finally decelerates-ceasing when generative growth phase ends.
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Ref: Patrick G. J. Irwin (2003). Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure. Springer. ISBN 3540006818.;
Narlikar, J.V: The Lighter Side of Gravity. 1-188. (1982)
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Mission I: To explore various self gravitational mimicisms in biological mass and to understand underlying principles and biomechanics of intrinsic gravity including interaction effects with extrinsic gravity, as reflected in space and evolutionary biology, through conceptual and empirical basis on identifying gap areas of investigation.
Mission II: To revisit conceptual basis of ‘Self Gravitation Bio from observer’s system of reference frame’ and to establish different conjectures empirically on identifying gap areas of investigation.
Mission III: To undertake quantitative theoretical study on biological particle hierarchy and to find out ways to establish biological particle pyramid to explore intrinsic gravity as binding force beyond the level of organelles through various self-evident facts, qualitative and quantitative or experimental models.
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Gravity is the building block of the universe. It is the basic force that acts on 'mass'. Living organism without 'mass' is impossible to imagine. Rate of biological growth means increase in mass per unit time. Biological growth could be by an increase in the number of cells (hyperplasia) or by an increase in cell size (hypertrophy). Irrespective of expression, growth means increase in mass.
What is Self or Intrinsic Gravity?
Mass and living organism are inseparable. Naturally, every living mass has its own/self or intrinsic gravity. It is being interacted by extrinsic gravity of earth or of microgravity. Due to compressive action of self gravity, there would be a tendency to coalesce of masses leading to accretion in a disc like configuration. The central position of the configuration would be as if the entire mass in the sphere of influence would have been concentrated at that point. On interaction with extrinsic gravity, resolving vectors may be different.
At the lower strata of Biological Particle hierarchy or Pyramid (electron, proton, neutron> atom> molecules> compound> organelles), nuclear and electromagnetic forces could be the stronger binding forces than the attractive forces of self gravity.
With increase in mass beyond organelles (Cells> tissue> organs> organ systems> organism) self gravity could be the binding force acting as 'invisible foundation' upon which functionality of physiological or genetically induced mechanisms of living organisms could be carried out.
Table 1.Examples of increase in gravitational force with increase in mass
under same separation distance in miniature scale1
Mass (gm)1 Mass (gm) 2 Distance cm Gravitational force F dyne
0.0001 0.0001 0.000001 0.0007
0.001 0.001 0.000001 0.0667
0.01 0.01 0.000001 6.6726
Table 2. Examples of increase in gravitational force under same mass
but with decrease in separation distance in miniature scale.
Mass (gm)1 Mass (gm) 2 Distance cm Gravitational force F dyne
0.0001 0.0001 0.000001 0.0007
0.0001 0.0001 0.00000001 7
0.0001 0.0001 0.0000000001 66,726
Ref:1. Waiker, John: Howstuffworks- Bending Spacetime in the Basement:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Bending+spacetime+in+the+Basement&btnG=Search&hl=en&rlz=1T4SPDA_enIN219IN220 (1997) cited 11 July 2007
Gravitational forces which follows inverse square law gets increased from 0.0007 to 6.6726 dynes when quantity in two masses increase from 10-4 to 10-2 grams under same separation distance of 10-6 centimeter (Table 1). Similarly when separation distance is decreased from 10-6 centimeter to 10-10 centimeter for the same two masses of 10-4 grams each, the gravitational force is increased from 0.0007 to 66,726 dyne (Table 2). Thus it seems that gravitational force is stronger at nano level than at micron scale.
Intrinsic gravity may be negligible in terms of magnitude but phenomena wise may ‘mimic’ larger mass- as a matter of ‘tendency’(?). We will analyse such mimicism in details elsewhere.
In current literature of biology, there are many anomalous or deficient hypothecations, few examples are as below:
Growth rate - aging & life expectancy- Self Gravity?
Why under an integral biochemical process known as growth metabolism, percent increase in growth decreases with age (time) in living bodies in spite of all chemistry of organic growth? In spite of tremendous progress in understanding through selective breeding and genetic engineering, scientists agree that no single theory can account for aging and life expectancy. Aging is many processes with interactive and independent factors related to life span and health. It is believed that normal cells are genetically programmed to die. Depending on the cell type, the cell loses its ability to divide after about 50 divisions (Hayflick limit). Without proper understanding of ‘other side of the coin’ (interactive and independent factors), as coin has two sides, with present day progress in study of shortening of chromosomes at each divisions (telomere), programmed cellular death or PCD, free-moving molecules of oxygen or free radicals, central role of mitochondrial DNA in aging process are likely to remain elusive.
Biological mass bounded by Self gravity works as invisible foundation?
Slowing down in the rate of growth by an unknown factor can be augmented with the introduction of concept of self gravity (binding force acting on mass as 'invisible foundation' upon which functionality of physiological or genetically induced mechanisms of living organisms carried out)
Gravitation force increases with increase in Newton’s mass. The gravitational mass is a ‘charge’: an object feels a gravitational force in proportion to its gravitational mass, just as it would feel an electromagnetic force in proportion to its electric charge. There would be an increase in gravitational force with increase in mass.
During infant stage internal metabolic energy remains supreme over gravitational energy. With accumulation of mass on passage of time, energy of self-gravity would starts dominating over metabolic energy, thereby limiting the per cent increase in growth. Therefore, we can say that adults are in equilibrium between metabolic and gravitational energy where as infant and old are in non-equilibrium stage- former with higher metabolic energy and lesser gravitational energy and later is in its opposite.
Such retardation in percentage increase is common to all gravitating stellar bodies of the universe2,3, where internal pressure opposes self-gravity. Miniature size of the biological bodies seems do not show hindrance to mimic gravitation phenomena.
Ref: 2. Patrick G. J. Irwin (2003). Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure. Springer. ISBN 3540006818.; 3. Narlikar, J.V: The Lighter Side of Gravity. 1-188. (1982)
Genetic Sophistication & self gravity?
It is interesting to note that genetic sophistication of living species varies according to mass per unit volume of the biological structure i.e. genetic sophistication is a function of gravity. For instance, in bacteria and blue green algae, the nuclear material is not separated from the cytoplasm by a discrete membrane whereas it is so in majority of multi-cellular organisms. The entire virus consists primarily of viral genetic material enclosed within a proteinaceous envelope. Viroids, very small particles, appear to consist of genetic material alone and lack enclosing membranes. The prion which is about 100 times smaller than the smallest viruses contains a spherical shell of protein only.
Contraction-expansion in growth phases and Self gravity?:
Contraction-expansion phase in gravitating bodies: Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction hypothesis2,3 states that continued contraction of the Sun under its own gravity generates energy for radiation, converting gravitational energy into kinetic energy which turns to radiation energy. Describing equation of stellar structure, Sir Arthur Eddington states that the Sun or a star is held in equilibrium under the opposing forces of gravity and internal pressure. In various biological systems, there are mimics of contraction-expansion phenomena, though actual reason is yet not yet ascertained. If circadian or ultradian rhythms (that control such body functions as heart rate, breathing, swallowing and contraction of the intestines) are allowed to be considered as of electromagnetic or genetic origin, mass related contraction and expansion in biological mass remain unanswered.
Contraction-expansion phase in embryonic growth sequence viz. zygote and morula as contraction phase and cleavage and blastula as expansion phase in the order: zygote (shrinking phase) - cleavage (rapid rates of division) - morula (antagonism phase between periods of rapid cell division and cell movement) - blastula (cells in centre begin to lose contact with one another and a central fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel forms).
Biological growth rate {lag phase (slow growth), log or exponential phase (period of maximum growth), senescent phase (declining growth) and steady phase (stationary growth).
Growth period in human includes five stages viz. prenatal, infantile, early childhood, juvenile and adolescent plus post-adolescent. Rapid growth in prenatal and puberty period- Retarded growth in juvenile and post-adolescent periods followed by little or no growth after the post-adolescent period.
In plant, growth occurs in three steps or phases viz. formative, enlargement and differentiation. In annual plants, after rapid sprouting stage of seed, there is retardation. Growth increases slowly till mature seedling stage. Thereafter there is rapid growth up to most active tillering stage after which the growth slows down coinciding vegetative lag-phase. The growth rate again increases and then finally decelerates-ceasing when generative growth phase ends.
Bilateral symmetry in animals & Convectional Flow
The explanation of “bilateral symmetry” in animals in developmental genetics4 is that bilateral symmetry is ‘necessary’ for balance with respect to gravity and for coping with resistance by the medium-air, water or the land surface through or over which the animal moves”.
{Ref 4: Pritchard, D.J: Foundations of Developmental Genetics.15-285.(1986)}
Such explanation is difficult to digest considering ‘other necessities’ of the animal for coping with nature like having ‘third eye for visibility of the rear scenario or a hand in the back side for multipurpose works’. Such hypothetical explanation cannot be accepted as there should be a physical cause for each and every development.
Convectional flow in morphological features of gravitating bodies
Though dictated by gravity, the earth is not completely round or spherical; there are continents, ridges, trenches, ocean and mountains. The British geologist Arthur Holmes was among the first to propose that thermal convection active in the mantle of the solid earth as the driving mechanism for continental drift, the evolution of oceanic ridges and trenches, formation of mountains and other geo-morphological structural features of the earth. The modern unified theory based on convection flow provides explanations for almost all the major crustal processes of the earth. In biological system, mimicism in convectional flow has been observed.
Before tissue hardening in plants or before formation of bones and cartilages in animals, a species pass through rheological fluid or soft condensed matter state6. Stored chemical energy in the living cells may provide requisite heat energy. Similar to development of geomorphic structural features of gravitating body like earth due to convectional currents, thermal convection active in the embryo can be thought to be the driving mechanism for development of bilateral symmetry.
Sequence of morphogenic development in animals: During gastrulation phase of embryonic development in animals, there are two or more layers of cells. These are ectoderm externally, the mesoderm next to this and the endoderm on the inside. The rearrangements by which these germinal layers come to occupy these positions vary considerably between animal groups. The ectoderm is the origin of the epidermis and the nervous system, the mesoderm is the source of muscles, the circulatory system, the lining of the body cavities and sex organs, excretory system and most of the skeletons. The endoderm forms the gut and its associated digestive glands and a variety of other organs.
It is possible that at certain temperature difference between inner and outer, more specifically between different layers of cells in the germinal layers, the motion of the rheological fluids (now designated as soft condense matter in physics)of the embryo sets in, as the thermal expansion lowers the density of the inner fluid from the neighbouring portion. Warmer and comparatively lighter fluid produces a fountain type convectional flow pattern within the bounds of self gravity, depending upon respective polymeric constitution and rheological (soft condensed matter) property of the fluid.
At neurula stage, the ectoderm gives rise to the central nervous system in convectional flow pattern. Sensory organs and the brain are connected at the fore-end. Mesoderm gives rise to a regular flow of circuit in blood vascular system in a convectional manner. Other organs including limbs, eyes are formed in same convectional manner. Formation of irregular shaped vertebral column after solidification, however, due to ‘melt fracture instability’ i.e. extrusion flow instability occurs when the velocity of macromolecular fluid flowing in a tube exceeds a certain critical value 6. As such it can be said that bilateral symmetry in animals is a ‘slow flow’ phenomena induced by convectional transport of bio-polymeric fluids around the bounds of self gravity.
{Ref: 6. Tanner, R.I: Engineering rheology- (Oxford Engineering Science Series).1-434. (1985)}.
Basal Metabolic Rate and Self Gravity?
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR); Physical Activity Level (PAL) measure uptake of number of Oxygen Molecules per hour. BMR is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state. These depend on mass (2/3, 3/4 etc.) ,on Lean Body Mass (LBM), on age and gender, on body fat, on weight. Can these all controversies be resolved, considering mass> weight> gravitational force {with general approximations: RMR= intrinsic gravity; PAL = interaction with extrinsic gravity; age= capacity to generate metabolic energy; gender = difference in body fat level; body fat = less denser substance than muscles, bones, cartilages etc. in the surroundings on equal volume basis, having behaviour of non-Newtonian viscous fluid under pressure (shear stress-strain) driven condition at critical point of time}?
Body Mass Index and Self Gravity?
Body Mass Index (BMI) or Quetelet index is the general indicator of health (developing heart disease and other health problems such as diabetes) and is defined as the individual's body weight divided by the square of his or her height. We know that body weight/ height or mass/volume = density of body mass. It gives indication for quantum of self and extrinsic gravitational attraction?
Body Surface Area and Self Gravity?
Body Surface Area (BSA) is used to measure Renal function- glomerular filtration rate (GFR), to calculate cardiac index (cardiac output/BSA), Chemotherapy & Glucocorticoid dosing. Weight can be a measure of gravitational force. It cannot be a measure for ‘area’ or BSA. Why to define anomalously as BSA?
(More to continue)
<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported License</a>.Vita / Publications:
In the field of Biomechanics of Intrinsic Gravity or Self Gravitation Bio
I. R. Bhattacharjee, R. Kashyap, Shaptadvipa B. (2009) Intrinsic gravity versus metabolically inert infrastructure and basal metabolic rate in living mass: Proc. 7th European Biophysics Congress July 11th -15th 2009, Genoa, Italy
I.R.Bhattacharjee1, Rajan Kashyap and Shaptadvipa B.(2009) Self Gravitation Bio: How To Measure Strength Of Intrinsic Gravity In Biomass?: Proc. 53rd Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society: February 28- March 4, 2009, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
I.R.Bhattacharjee (2009) Thoughts on biomechanics of intrinsic gravity: Proc. 96th Indian Science Congress Part II (Abstracts) Section XII (45): New Biology (including Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology & Biotechnology) p38: January 3-7,2009, Shillong, Meghalaya
I.R.Bhattacharjee (2008) Biomechanics of Intrinsic gravity: Self-Gravity Dictates Biological Growth:Proc. Joint 52nd Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society and 16th IUPAB International Biophysics Congress (Abstract L234) held on February 2-6, 2008 in Long Beach, California,USA)
I.R.Bhattacharjee (2007) Self-Gravity Dictates Biological Growth - In Myth or In Reality?: Proc. 6th International Conference On Biological Physics & 5th Southern Cone Biophysics Congress (ICBP 2007) 27-31 August, 2007, Montevideo, Uruguay
I.R.Bhattacharjee (1988) Gravity Dictates Life-Death and Biological Growth (also agricultural productivity. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi-110 005.ISBN: 81-7019-30-6 (INDIA) 1:5558-097-8 (USA).
I.R.Bhattacharjee (1989) Gravity Dictates Life-Death and Biological Growth (also agricultural productivity): Proc. 76th Ind. Sc. Cong. Part IV: Section IV: Agricultural Sciences.24.
I.R.Bhattacharjee (1989) Self-Gravity Dictates Biological Growth. p-1-57.
I.R.Bhattacharjee (1998) Crop productivity in relation to gravitational anomalies of the Earth Research Handout (Restricted Circulation for working on Document Classed as ‘Classified’ for the gravitational anomalies map of Jorhat).
Grants and Awards:
About my Institution:
INSTITUTE FOR INTRINSIC GRAVITATION BIOLOGY
(i3GB)
Function initially as virtual institute under the aegis of a statutory body till registered under Society Registration Act as autonomous institute under environment of academic freedom of pursuit
Broad objectives
To undertake research for exploring intrinsic gravity in biology
To develop approaches and to provide systematic understanding,
Facilities for studies on biology encompassing intrinsic gravity
Address (provisional): House No. 84, GMCH Road, Anandanagar, Dispur,Guwahati-781005, Assam, India
Telephone: +91-9435342305 (M); +91-361-2340576 (LL)
Email: irbhatta@gmail.com; selfgravity@gmail.com
Provision of Ph.D. and Post-Doctoral Research work on Intrinsic Gravitation Biology
After completion of initial set up phase of the proposed Institute of Intrinsic Gravitation Biology (i3GB), it is contemplated to introduce a provision of Ph.D. and Post-Doctoral Research work on Intrinsic Gravitation Biology to attract young mind to get interested and conduct threadbare research work on various aspects of multidisciplinary nature required to explore this new field of study. For that purpose, it is proposed to enter into a Memorandum Of Understanding (MOU) with appropriate University, whose quality and standard being regulated by the University Grant Commission (UGC) and the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), to offer degree program leading to Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and certification of training under Post-Doctoral program in the field of Intrinsic Gravitation Biology with teaching modules and supervision of research works, as approved by the per terms and condition of the Agreement between participating institutes and the concerned University. Faculty members on specialized subjects are proposed to be drawn from various national and international institutes and they would be invited to either to participate directly or via teleconference or both to impart teaching and to supervise research work. Teaching modules and/or working program of research would be formulated or conducted on discussion with suitable partner/ agreed national or international institutes. The enrolment of national and international scholars for short term and long term training would be guided by the appropriate regulation relevant to growth of higher education in India. There may be provision to conduct part or full of the research work, relevant to Intrinsic Gravitation Biology in national or international laboratory.
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