Group - Biomechanics of Intrinsic Gravity

Study of Biomechanics of Intrinsic Gravity

Gravity is the building block of the universe. It is the basic force that acts on 'mass'. Living organism without 'mass' is impossible to imagine. Rate of biological growth means increase in mass per unit time. Biological growth could be by an increase in the number of cells (hyperplasia) or by an increase in cell size (hypertrophy). Irrespective of expression, growth means increase in mass.

What is Self or Intrinsic Gravity ?
Mass and living organism are inseperable. Naturally, every living mass has its own/self or intrinsic gravity. It is being interacted by extrinsic gravity of earth or of microgravity. Due to compressive action of self gravity, there would be a tendancy to coalesce of masses leading to accretion in a disc like configuration. The central position of the configuration would be as if the entire mass in the sphere of influence would have been concentrated at that point.On interaction with extrinsic gravity, resolving vectors may be different.
At the lower strata of Biological Particle hierarchy or Pyramid (electron, proton, neutron> atom> molecules> compound> organelles), nuclear and electromagnetic forces could be the stronger binding forces than the attractive forces of self gravity.
With increase in mass beyond organelles (Cells> tissue> organs> organ systems> organism) self gravity could be the binding force acting as 'invisible foundation' upon which functionality of physiological or genetically induced mechanisms of living organisms could be carried out.

Table 1.Examples of increase in gravitational force with increase in mass
under same separation distance in miniature scale1
Mass (gm)1            Mass (gm) 2                       Distance cm            Gravitational force F dyne
0.0001                      0.0001                                 0.000001                        0.0007
0.001                        0.001                                    0.000001                        0.0667
0.01                           0.01                                      0.000001                        6.6726
Table 2. Examples of increase in gravitational force under same mass
but with decrease in separation distance in miniature scale.
Mass (gm)1             Mass (gm) 2                     Distance cm                 Gravitational force F dyne
0.0001                       0.0001                                 0.000001                         0.0007
0.0001                       0.0001                                 0.00000001                     7
0.0001                       0.0001                                 0.0000000001               66,726
Ref:1. Waiker, John: Howstuffworks- Bending Spacetime in the Basement:
http://www.google.com/search?q=Bending+spacetime+in+the+Basement&btnG=Search&hl=en&rlz=1T4SPDA_enIN219IN220 (1997) cited 11 July 2007

Gravitational forces which follows inverse square law gets increased from 0.0007 to 6.6726 dynes when quantity in two masses increase from 10-4 to 10-2 grams under same separation distance of 10-6 centimeter (Table 1). Similarly when separation distance is decreased from 10-6 centimeter to 10-10 centimeter for the same two masses of 10-4 grams each, the gravitational force is increased from 0.0007 to 66,726 dyne (Table 2). Thus it seems that gravitational force is stronger at nano level than at micron scale.
Intrinsic gravity may be negligible in terms of magnitude but phenomena wise may ‘mimic’ larger mass- as a matter of ‘tendency’(?). We will analyse such mimicism in details elsewhere.

In current literature of biology, there are many anomalous or deficient hypothecations, few examples as below:

Growth rate - aging & life expectancy- Self Gravity?
Why under an integral biochemical process known as growth metabolism, percent increase in growth decreases with age (time) in living bodies in spite of all chemistry of organic growth? Inspite of tramendous progress in understanding through selective breeding and genetic engineering, scientists agree that no single theory can account for aging and life expectancy. Aging is many processes with interactive and independent factors related to life span and health. It is believed that normal cells are genetically programmed to die. Depending on the cell type, the cell loses its ability to divide after about 50 divisions (Hayflick limit). Without proper understanding of ‘other side of the coin’ (interactive and independent factors), as coin has two sides, with present day progress in study of shortening of chromosomes at each divisions (telomere), programmed cellular death or PCD, free-moving molecules of oxygen or free radicals, central role of mitochondrial DNA in aging process are likely to remain elusive.
Slowing down in the rate of growth by an unknown factor can be augmented with the introduction of concept of self gravity (binding force acting on mass as 'invisible foundation' upon which functionality of physiological or genetically induced mechanisms of living organisms carried out)
Gravitation force increases with increase in Newton’s mass. The gravitational mass is a ‘charge’: an object feels a gravitational force in proportion to its gravitational mass, just as it would feel an electromagnetic force in proportion to its electric charge. There would be an increase in gravitational force with increase in mass. During infant stage internal metabolic energy remains supreme over gravitational energy. With accumulation of mass on passage of time, energy of self-gravity would starts dominating over metabolic energy, thereby limiting the per cent increase in growth. Therefore, we can say that adults are in equilibrium between metabolic and gravitational energy where as infant and old are in non-equilibrium stage- former with higher metabolic energy and lesser gravitational energy and later is in its opposite.
Such retardation in percentage increase is common to all gravitating stellar bodies of the universe2,3, where internal pressure opposes self-gravity. Miniature size of the biological bodies seems do not show hindrance to mimic gravitation phenomena.

Ref: 2. Patrick G. J. Irwin (2003). Giant Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure. Springer. ISBN 3540006818.; 3. Narlikar, J.V: The Lighter Side of Gravity. 1-188. (1982)

Genetic Sophistication & self gravity?
It is interesting to note that genetic sophistication of living species varies according to mass per unit volume of the biological structure i.e. genetic sophistication is a function of gravity. For instance, in bacteria and blue green algae, the nuclear material is not separated from the cytoplasm by a discrete membrane whereas it is so in majority of multi-cellular organisms. The entire virus consists primarily of viral genetic material enclosed within a proteinaceous envelope. Viroids, very small particles, appear to consist of genetic material alone and lack enclosing membranes. The prion which is about 100 times smaller than the smallest viruses contains a spherical shell of protein only.

Contraction-expansion in growth phases and Self gravity?:
Contraction-expansion phase in gravitating bodies Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction hypothesis2,3 states that continued contraction of the Sun under its own gravity generates energy for radiation, converting gravitational energy into kinetic energy which turns to radiation energy. Describing equation of stellar structure, Sir Arthur Eddington states that the Sun or a star is held in equilibrium under the opposing forces of gravity and internal pressure. In various biological systems, there are mimics of contraction-expansion phenomena, though actual reason is yet not yet ascertained. If circadian or ultradian rhythms (that control such body functions as heart rate, breathing, swallowing and contraction of the intestines) are allowed to be considered as of electromagnetic or genetic origin, mass related contraction and expansion in biological mass remain unanswered.

Contraction-expansion phase in embryonic growth sequence viz. zygote and morula as contraction phase and cleavage and blastula as expansion phase in the order: zygote (shrinking phase) - cleavage (rapid rates of division) - morula (antagonism phase between periods of rapid cell division and cell movement) - blastula (cells in centre begin to lose contact with one another and a central fluid-filled cavity, the blastocoel forms).
Biological growth rate {lag phase (slow growth), log or exponential phase (period of maximum growth), senescent phase (declining growth) and steady phase (stationary growth). Growth period in human includes five stages viz. prenatal, infantile, early childhood, juvenile and adolescent plus post-adolescent. Rapid growth in prenatal and puberty period- Retarded growth in juvenile and post-adolescent periods followed by little or no growth after the post-adolescent period.
In plant, growth occurs in three steps or phases viz. formative, enlargement and differentiation. In annual plants, after rapid sprouting stage of seed, there is retardation. Growth increases slowly till mature seedling stage. Thereafter there is rapid growth up to most active tillering stage after which the growth slows down coinciding vegetative lag-phase. The growth rate again increases and then finally decelerates-ceasing when generative growth phase ends.

 
Bilateral symmetry in animals & Convectional Flow
The explanation of “bilateral symmetry” in animals in developmental genetics4 is that bilateral symmetry is ‘necessary’ for balance with respect to gravity and for coping with resistance by the medium-air, water or the land surface through or over which the animal moves”.
{Ref 4: Pritchard, D.J: Foundations of Developmental Genetics.15-285.(1986)}
Such explanation is difficult to digest considering ‘other necessities’ of the animal for coping with nature like having ‘third eye for visibility of the rear scenario or a hand in the back side for multipurpose works’. Such hypothetical explanation cannot be accepted as there should be a physical cause for each and every development.

Convectional flow in morphological features of gravitating bodies
Though dictated by gravity, the earth is not completely round or spherical; there are continents, ridges, trenches, ocean and mountains. The British geologist Arthur Holmes was among the first to propose that thermal convection active in the mantle of the solid earth as the driving mechanism for continental drift, the evolution of oceanic ridges and trenches, formation of mountains and other geo-morphological structural features of the earth. The modern unified theory based on convection flow provides explanations for almost all the major crustal processes of the earth. In biological system, mimicism in convectional flow has been observed.
Before tissue hardening in plants or before formation of bones and cartilages in animals, a species pass through rheological fluid or soft condensed matter state. Stored chemical energy in the living cells may provide requisite heat energy. Similar to development of geomorphic structural features of gravitating body like earth due to convectional currents, thermal convection active in the embryo can be thought to be the driving mechanism for development of bilateral symmetry.
Sequence of morphogenic development in animals: During gastrulation phase of embryonic development in animals, there are two or more layers of cells. These are ectoderm externally, the mesoderm next to this and the endoderm on the inside. The rearrangements by which these germinal layers come to occupy these positions vary considerably between animal groups. The ectoderm is the origin of the epidermis and the nervous system, the mesoderm is the source of muscles, the circulatory system, the lining of the body cavities and sex organs, excretory system and most of the skeletons. The endoderm forms the gut and its associated digestive glands and a variety of other organs. It is possible that at certain temperature difference between inner and outer, more specifically between different layers of cells in the germinal layers, the motion of the rheological fluids (now designated as soft condense matter in physics)of the embryo sets in, as the thermal expansion lowers the density of the inner fluid from the neighbouring portion. Warmer and comparatively lighter fluid produces a fountain type convectional flow pattern within the bounds of self gravity, depending upon respective polymeric constitution and rheological (soft condensed matter) property of the fluid. At neurula stage, the ectoderm gives rise to the central nervous system in convectional flow pattern. Sensory organs and the brain are connected at the fore-end. Mesoderm gives rise to a regular flow of circuit in blood vascular system in a convectional manner. Other organs including limbs, eyes are formed in same convectional manner. Formation of irregular shaped vertebral column after solidification, however, due to ‘melt fracture instability’ i.e. extrusion flow instability occurs when the velocity of macromolecular fluid flowing in a tube exceeds a certain value 6. As such it can be said that bilateral symmetry in animals is a ‘slow flow’ phenomena induced by convectional transport of bio-polymeric fluids around the bounds of self gravity.
{Ref: 6. Tanner, R.I: Engineering rheology- (Oxford Engineering Science Series).1-434. (1985)}.

Basal Metabolic Rate and Self Gravity?
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR); Physical Activity Level (PAL) measure uptake of number of Oxygen Molecules per hour. BMR is the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state. These depend on mass (2/3, 3/4 etc.) ,on Lean Body Mass (LBM), on age and gender, on body fat, on weight. Can these all controversies be resolved, considering mass> weight> gravitational force {with general approximations:RMR= intrinsic gravity; PAL = interaction with extrinsic gravity; age= capacity to generate metabolic energy; gender = difference in body fat level; body fat = less denser substance than muscles, bones, cartilages etc. in the surroundings on equal volume basis, having behaviour of non-Newtonian viscous fluid under pressure (shear stress-strain) driven condition at critical point of time}?

Body Mass Index and Self Gravity?
Body Mass Index (BMI) or Quetelet index is the general indicator of health (developing heart disease and other health problems such as diabetes) and is defined as the individual's body weight divided by the square of his or her height. We know that body weight/ height or mass/volume = density of body mass. It gives indication for quantum of self and extrinsic gravitational attraction?

Body Surface Area and Self Gravity?
Body Surface Area (BSA) is used to measure Renal function- glomerular filtration rate (GFR), to calculate cardiac index (cardiac output/BSA), Chemotherapy & Glucocorticoid dosing. Weight can be a measure of gravitational force. It cannot be a measure for ‘area’ or BSA. Why to define anomalously as BSA?
(More to continue)