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Abstract: Effects of antihypertensive treatment on insulin sensitivity with special reference to ACE inhibitors. Berne C, Pollare T, Lithell H. Department of Internal Medicine, Uppsala University, Sweden. In 1984, the suspicion that pharmacological treatment may worsen the insulin resistance and associated metabolic abnormalities in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and contribute to the relative failure of antihypertensive treatment to produce more than marginal reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality led us to start a series of trials aimed at elucidating how antihypertensive drugs affect insulin sensitivity. These trials, which included assessment of insulin sensitivity by the euglycemic insulin clamp, showed that beta-adrenergic blockade and thiazide diuretic treatment (hydrochlorothiazide ) increase insulin resistance and basal plasma insulin, whereas Ca(2+)-channel antagonists (verapamil and diltiazem), with the exception of the negative effect of nifedipine, are metabolically neutral. alpha-Adrenergic blockade with prazosin and angiotensin-converti ng enzyme (ACE) inhibition with captopril enhance insulin sensitivity. The mechanisms underlying the positive effects of ACE inhibition and beta-adrenergic blockade are largely unknown, but hemodynamic factors (vasodilation) may contribute by improving the access of glucose and insulin to skeletal muscle. The drugs, which were favorable or neutral with respect to insulin sensitivity, caused no changes in lipids or glucose homeostasis. In contrast, beta-blockers, except pindolol, had negative effects on triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and thiazide diuretics caused adverse effects on total serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total and very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride. The metabolic action of antihypertensive drugs is an important factor to consider in the choice of a proper treatment strategy in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients with hypertension. PMID: 1748056 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Cells isolated from the pronephros of carp were incubated in vitro with the organophosphorus insecticide trichlorfon or dichlorvos, each of which is used in aquaculture to eliminate fish ectoparasites. Dose-dependent suppressive effects were observed in assays for lymphocyte proliferation and myeloid cell respiratory burst activities. Dichlorvos given by bath in vivo did not affect antibody production against Yersinia ruckeri even if the spleen and kidney were obviously contaminated according to acetylcholinesterase activity analysis. Some bloo...
The author evaluated the effects of DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) on the amount of telomeres of normal cells and cancer cells and found the following: Contrary to the literature, which often recommended 25-50 mg of DHEA daily for the average adult human being, the author found that, depending on the individual, the maximum increase of normal cell telomere was obtained by a single optimal dose of 1.25-12.5 mg. This was examined in 50 people, both males and females, between the ages of 20-80 years old. When one optimal dose was given to each indi...
Experiments examined how training dose of morphine modulates the agonist and antagonist effects of selected mu opioids. Saline and either 3.2 or 5.6 mg/kg morphine were established as discriminative stimuli for food-reinforced responses in two groups of rats. Etorphine and morphine evoked full morphine lever responding in both groups, but were more potent in subjects trained with 3.2 mg/kg morphine. Methadone, dezocine and dl-pentazocine were equieffective and equipotent in evoking full morphine-like stimulus effects in both groups. Nalbuphine ...
Growth during infancy is slightly lower among breastfed infants, but the difference seems to disappear later during childhood. Breastfeeding seems to have a beneficial effect on blood pressure, lipid profile and possible insulin resistance/type-2 diabetes and obesity, but there is no evidence for effects on clinical manifestations of cardiovascular diseases. Potential negative effects include transfer of environmental pollutants and viruses, especially HIV, and the risk of hypernatraemic dehydration during the first weeks after delivery. For th...
Glucosamine is widely used to relieve symptoms from osteoarthritis. Its safety and effects on glucose metabolism are critically evaluated in this review. The LD50 of oral glucosamine in animals is approximately 8000 mg/kg with no adverse effects at 2700 mg/kg for 12 months. Because altered glucose metabolism can be associated with parenteral administration of large doses of glucosamine in animals and with high concentrations in in vitro studies, we critically evaluated the clinical importance of these effects. Oral administration of large doses...
Antiepileptic drugs prevent tonic convulsions induced by cerebral electroshocks. The present study investigated whether these drugs can also modulate the amnestic effect of the cerebral electroshock. It could be shown that phenytoin, ethosuximide, valproinate sodium, phenobarbitone, and clonazepam dose-dependently worsened the amnestic effect of electroshock (despite prevention of the convulsion). Carbamazepine, in contrast, significantly reduced the amnestic effect of the cerebral electroshock even at doses below the threshold for anticonvulsa...
Discriminative stimulus effects of morphine: effects of training dose on agonist and antagonist effects of mu opioids. Young AM, Masaki MA, Geula C. Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan. Experiments examined how training dose of morphine modulates the agonist and antagonist effects of selected mu opioids. Saline and either 3.2 or 5.6 mg/kg morphine were established as discriminative stimuli for food-reinforced responses in two groups of rats. Etorphine and morphine evoked full morphine lever responding in both ...
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES. Vasodilatation is a well-known side effect of contrast media. Contrast media inhibit the action of vasoconstrictors. The nonionic contrast medium, iohexol, inhibits vasoactive substances to a lesser extent than ionic contrast media. Iohexol inhibited the action of vasoconstrictors in a way that raised suspicion of a calcium antagonistic effect of the medium. The authors test this hypothesis by comparing the inhibitory effect of iohexol with the inhibitory effect of a calcium antagonist (nifedipine). The vasoconstrictor...
The antithyrotropic activity of freeze-dried-extracts from Lithospermum officinale (Lith. off. FDE) was investigated in the rat. When administered together with TSH, Lith. off. FDE blocked the TSH-induced increase in endocytotic activity of the thyroid glands followed by a strong decline of thyroid hormone levels. Furthermore, when Lith. off. FDE was injected alone it caused a decline in endogenous TSH-levels as well as in thyroidal secretion and thyroid hormone levels. The efficacy of the extract in blocking thyroid secretion was compared to t...
The interpretation of secular trends in terms of period, age and cohorts is illustrated by data on peptic ulcer mortality for England and Wales from 1900 to 1977. Approaches to the external validation of the inferences made from such analyses are also illustrated. These data conform with predictions from a cohort analysis of some 20 years ago that peptic ulcer mortality and morbidity would decline.
Ibogaine, a naturally occurring alkaloid, has been claimed to be effective in treating addiction to opioid and stimulant drugs and has been reported to decrease morphine and cocaine self-administration in rats. The present study sought to determine if other iboga alkaloids, as well as the chemically related harmala alkaloid harmaline, would also reduce the intravenous self-administration of morphine and cocaine in rats. Because both ibogaine and harmaline induce tremors, an effect that may be causally related to neurotoxicity in the cerebellar ...